URL Parser/ protocol · host · path · query · hash
Parse any URL into its components — protocol, hostname, port, pathname, query params, and hash — with a visual breakdown.
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Code Examples
JavaScript (URL API)
const url = new URL( 'https://user:[email protected]:8080' + '/v1/search?q=hello+world&page=2#results' ); url.protocol // 'https:' url.username // 'user' url.hostname // 'api.example.com' url.port // '8080' url.pathname // '/v1/search' url.search // '?q=hello+world&page=2' url.hash // '#results' // Query params url.searchParams.get('q') // 'hello world' url.searchParams.get('page') // '2' [...url.searchParams] // [['q','hello world'],['page','2']] // Modify & rebuild url.hostname = 'api2.example.com'; url.searchParams.set('page', '3'); url.toString() // rebuilt URL
Python
from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs, urlencode raw = 'https://user:[email protected]:8080/v1/search?q=hello+world&page=2#results' u = urlparse(raw) u.scheme # 'https' u.netloc # 'user:[email protected]:8080' u.hostname # 'api.example.com' u.port # 8080 u.path # '/v1/search' u.query # 'q=hello+world&page=2' u.fragment # 'results' # Parse query params params = parse_qs(u.query) params['q'] # ['hello world'] params['page'] # ['2']
Go
import "net/url"
raw := "https://api.example.com:8080/search?q=hello&page=2"
u, err := url.Parse(raw)
u.Scheme // "https"
u.Host // "api.example.com:8080"
u.Hostname() // "api.example.com"
u.Port() // "8080"
u.Path // "/search"
u.RawQuery // "q=hello&page=2"
// Parse query
q := u.Query()
q.Get("q") // "hello"
q.Get("page") // "2"
// Build URL
u2 := &url.URL{
Scheme: "https",
Host: "example.com",
Path: "/api/v1",
}
u2.RawQuery = url.Values{"key": {"val"}}.Encode()Shell (curl / python)
# Extract parts with grep/sed
URL="https://api.example.com/search?q=hello&page=2"
# Protocol
echo $URL | grep -oP '^[^:]+(?=://)'
# api.example.com
# Query param with Python
python3 -c "
from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
u = urlparse('$URL')
print(parse_qs(u.query))
"
# curl: show effective URL
curl -v "$URL" 2>&1 | grep '> GET'
# httpie
http GET "$URL"Frequently Asked Questions
What are the components of a URL?
A full URL structure: scheme://username:password@hostname:port/pathname?search#hash. Each part: scheme (protocol, e.g., https, ftp), authority (username:password@hostname:port), pathname (path starting with /), search (query string starting with ?), hash (fragment identifier starting with #, not sent to server). Not all parts are required.
Is the # fragment sent to the server?
No. The hash/fragment is processed locally by the browser and never included in HTTP requests. It's used for in-page anchor navigation (scroll to a section) and in SPAs for client-side routing (e.g., React Router hash mode).
How do I correctly parse query strings?
Query string format: key=value&key2=value2. Special characters in values must be URL-encoded. Use new URLSearchParams(url.search) in JavaScript, urllib.parse.parse_qs() in Python, url.ParseQuery() in Go. Note: the same key can appear multiple times (e.g., tag=js&tag=python) — in that case the value is an array.
When can the port be omitted from a URL?
When using a protocol's default port: HTTP defaults to 80, HTTPS to 443, FTP to 21. The browser's URL API returns an empty string for url.port when the default port is used; url.host includes the port only when it differs from the default (e.g., example.com:8080).
How do I parse URLs in JavaScript?
Use the built-in URL API: const u = new URL('https://example.com/path?q=1#top'); u.hostname → 'example.com'; u.pathname → '/path'; u.searchParams.get('q') → '1'; u.hash → '#top'. The URL API works in all modern browsers and Node.js 10+, and is more reliable than regex.
What's the difference between relative and absolute URLs?
Absolute URLs include the full protocol and hostname (https://example.com/path) and can be resolved standalone. Relative URLs are relative to the current page ('./page', '/api/data', '../assets/img.png') and need a base URL to resolve. In JavaScript: new URL('./page', 'https://example.com/app/') gives https://example.com/app/page.